Tóm tắt

Reported Speech thuật lại lời nói mà không trích dẫn trực tiếp, thường qua động từ tường thuật như: say, tell, explain, claim, argue, suggest, ask, warn, advise...

Direct Speech Reported Speech
"I am tired." She said she was tired.
"I will help you." He promised he would help me.
"I have finished." She said she had finished.
"Do you like it?" He asked if I liked it.

Tại sao quan trọng

  • IELTS Writing Task 2: trích dẫn quan điểm từ nghiên cứu, chuyên gia, số đông
  • IELTS Speaking: kể lại điều ai đó nói, khuyên, hỏi
  • Là cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp thể hiện Grammatical Range (Band 7+)
  • Giúp viết đa dạng hơn thay vì chỉ dùng trích dẫn trực tiếp

Backshift — Lùi thì động từ

Quy tắc cơ bản: Thì lùi về quá khứ

Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Simple Past Perfect
will would
can could
may might
must had to
shall would

Ví dụ backshift đầy đủ:

  • "I work in London." → She said she worked in London.
  • "I am working on it." → He said he was working on it.
  • "I have finished." → She said she had finished.
  • "I finished yesterday." → He said he had finished the day before.
  • "I will call you." → She said she would call me.
  • "I can help." → He said he could help.
  • "You must leave." → She told me I had to leave.

Khi KHÔNG cần backshift

  1. Sự thật luôn đúng (scientific facts, general truths):
  2. "The Earth orbits the sun." → He said the Earth orbits the sun. ✅

  3. "Water boils at 100°C." → She explained that water boils at 100°C. ✅

  4. Tường thuật ngay lập tức (vừa mới nói):

  5. She says she is tired. (đang nói ngay lúc này)

  6. Dùng với "that" và thì hiện tại (trong IELTS Writing, chấp nhận):

  7. Researchers argue that technology has both benefits and drawbacks.

Thay đổi đại từ và trạng từ

Đại từ

Direct Reported
I / me / my / mine he/she / him/her / his/her / his/hers
we / us / our they / them / their
you / your I/he/she, me/him/her (tùy ngữ cảnh)

Trạng từ thời gian và nơi chốn

Direct Reported
now then
today that day
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
this week that week
last week the week before
next year the following year
here there
this that
these those

Ví dụ:

  • "I will call you tomorrow." → She said she would call me the next day.
  • "I finished yesterday." → He said he had finished the day before.
  • "I'm working here now." → She said she was working there then.

Câu tường thuật — Các loại câu

1. Tường thuật câu phát biểu (Statements)

Dùng: say (that) / tell + O (that)

  • "I love this city." → She said (that) she loved that city.
  • "We will attend the conference." → He told me (that) they would attend the conference.

say vs tell: - say: say (that)... — không cần tân ngữ người - tell: tell + PERSON + (that)... — luôn cần tân ngữ người - ❌ She told that she was tired. - ✅ She said (that) she was tired. / She told me she was tired.

2. Tường thuật câu hỏi (Questions)

Yes/No questions → if / whether

asked + if/whether + Subject + verb (không đảo ngữ)
  • "Do you like music?" → He asked if I liked music.
  • "Are you coming?" → She asked whether I was coming.
  • "Have you seen the film?" → He asked if I had seen the film.

Wh- questions → wh-word + Subject + verb (không đảo ngữ)

asked + wh-word + Subject + verb
  • "Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived.
  • "What are you doing?" → He asked what I was doing.
  • "Why did you leave?" → She asked why I had left.

Quan trọng: Trong tường thuật câu hỏi, không đảo ngữ — viết như câu thông thường. - ❌ She asked where did I live. - ✅ She asked where I lived.

3. Tường thuật mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu (Commands/Requests)

told/asked/advised/ordered + Object + to-infinitive
Phủ định: told + Object + NOT to + infinitive
  • "Close the door!" → He told me to close the door.
  • "Please sit down." → She asked me to sit down.
  • "Don't be late!" → He told me not to be late.
  • "You should apply for the job." → She advised me to apply for the job.

Reporting Verbs — Động từ tường thuật

Thay vì chỉ dùng "say" và "tell", dùng đa dạng reporting verbs:

Reporting verb Cấu trúc Nghĩa
claim claim (that) khẳng định (ngụ ý có thể sai)
argue argue (that) lập luận
suggest suggest + V-ing / suggest (that) + subj đề xuất
admit admit (that) / admit + V-ing thừa nhận
deny deny + V-ing phủ nhận
promise promise (that) / promise + to-inf hứa
warn warn + O + (not) to-inf cảnh báo
explain explain (that) giải thích
insist insist (that) khẳng định mạnh
complain complain (that) phàn nàn
confirm confirm (that) xác nhận
refuse refuse + to-inf từ chối

Ví dụ:

  • "I didn't steal anything." → He denied stealing anything.
  • "You should exercise more." → The doctor advised him to exercise more.
  • "I will definitely finish it." → She promised to finish it / promised (that) she would finish it.
  • "This approach is wrong." → They argued (that) this approach was wrong.

Lỗi thường gặp

Lỗi 1: Quên backshift thì

  • ❌ He said he is tired.
  • ✅ He said he was tired.
  • ❌ She told me she will come.
  • ✅ She told me she would come.

Lỗi 2: Đảo ngữ trong tường thuật câu hỏi

  • ❌ She asked where did I live.
  • ✅ She asked where I lived.
  • ❌ He asked what was I doing.
  • ✅ He asked what I was doing.

Lỗi 3: Dùng "say" thay vì "tell" khi có tân ngữ

  • ❌ She said me that she was tired.
  • ✅ She told me (that) she was tired. / She said (that) she was tired.

Lỗi 4: Quên thay đổi đại từ và trạng từ

  • ❌ He said "I will come tomorrow." → He said he would come tomorrow.
  • ✅ He said he would come the next day.

Lỗi 5: Dùng cấu trúc sai với "suggest"

  • ❌ She suggested me to try again.
  • ✅ She suggested (that) I try again. / She suggested trying again.

Ứng dụng trong IELTS

Writing Task 2 — Trích dẫn quan điểm và nghiên cứu:

  • Research suggests that regular exercise can reduce the risk of chronic disease.
  • Many economists argue that free trade benefits all participating nations.
  • Critics claim that social media has damaged interpersonal relationships.
  • The report concludes that governments need to invest more in renewable energy.
  • Experts warn that if action is not taken immediately, the consequences will be severe.

Speaking Part 2/3 — Kể lại điều ai nói:

  • "My teacher once told me to read widely in English — best advice I ever received."
  • "A friend of mine suggested that I try speaking English every day, even to myself."
  • "My parents always said that education was the most important investment."

Academic Reporting — Passive structures:

  • It is argued that technology has transformed society.
  • It has been suggested that diet plays a major role.
  • It is widely believed that climate change poses the greatest threat.

Bài tập luyện

Chuyển sang Reported Speech

  1. "I am very happy today," she said.
  2. "Did you finish your homework?" the teacher asked me.
  3. "Don't touch the equipment," the supervisor told us.
  4. "We will announce the results tomorrow," the company said.
  5. "Why did you leave early?" he asked her.

Sửa lỗi

  1. She said me that she was tired.
  2. He asked where did she live.
  3. They told that they would return next week.
  4. She suggested me to apply for the job.
  5. He said he will help me the next day.

Đáp án

Reported Speech: 1. She said (that) she was very happy that day. 2. The teacher asked me if I had finished my homework. 3. The supervisor told us not to touch the equipment. 4. The company said (that) they would announce the results the next/following day. 5. He asked her why she had left early.

Sửa lỗi: 1. She told me (that) she was tired. / She said (that) she was tired. 2. He asked where she lived. (không đảo ngữ) 3. They said (that) they would return the following week. (say không cần tân ngữ người) 4. She suggested that I apply for the job. / She suggested applying for the job. 5. He said he would help me the next day. (backshift + thay trạng từ)

Tóm tắt nhanh

Loại câu Reporting verb Cấu trúc
Phát biểu say / tell said (that) + backshifted clause
Yes/No question ask asked if/whether + S + V
Wh- question ask asked + wh-word + S + V
Mệnh lệnh tell / order told + O + (not) to-inf
Lời khuyên advise advised + O + (not) to-inf
Đề xuất suggest suggested + V-ing / that S (should) V

Backshift nhanh: - Present Simple → Past Simple - will → would | can → could | must → had to - Present Perfect → Past Perfect - Past Simple → Past Perfect

Quy tắc vàng: - say (that): không cần tân ngữ người - tell + NGƯỜI + (that): luôn cần tân ngữ người - Câu hỏi tường thuật: KHÔNG đảo ngữ - Sự thật khoa học: có thể không backshift