Causative Verbs — have / get / make / letvsBare Infinitive (Động từ nguyên thể không có "to")

Tóm tắt

Causative verbs diễn tả việc A khiến / nhờ / cho phép B làm gì.

Causative	Cấu trúc	Nghĩa
have	have + O + bare inf / V3	nhờ ai làm / để gì bị làm
get	get + O + to-inf / V3	thuyết phục / để gì bị làm
make	make + O + bare inf	bắt buộc ai phải làm
let	let + O + bare inf	cho phép ai làm
help	help + O + (to) inf	giúp ai làm

Tại sao quan trọng

Causative structures thường xuất hiện trong IELTS khi: - Thảo luận về chính sách: "The government should make people..." - Giáo dục: "Teachers let students..." - Cuộc sống hằng ngày: "I got my car repaired." - Phân tích trách nhiệm: "Parents should not let children..."

Dùng đúng causative structures thể hiện Grammatical Range in Band 7+.

Causative HAVE

1. have + Object + bare infinitive — Nhờ ai làm gì

Subject + have + Object (person) + bare infinitive

A sắp xếp, chỉ đạo để B làm gì cho A.

• I had the plumber fix the leak. (Tôi nhờ thợ ống nước sửa)
• She had her assistant prepare the report.
• He has his driver pick him up every morning.
• The manager had everyone stay late on Friday.

2. have + Object + past participle (V3) — Để gì được làm

Subject + have + Object (thing) + past participle (V3)

Nhấn mạnh vào kết quả — vật được làm (không đề cập ai làm).

• I had my car serviced last week. (xe được bảo dưỡng)
• She had her hair cut and dyed.
• We had the house painted before the event.
• He had his laptop repaired at the shop.

Phân biệt: - have sb do sth = nhờ người cụ thể làm - have sth done = để vật được làm (không quan tâm ai làm)

Causative GET

1. get + Object + to-infinitive — Thuyết phục / mất công nhờ

Subject + get + Object (person) + to-infinitive

Nghĩa tương tự "have sb do sth" nhưng ngụ ý phải cố gắng, thuyết phục hơn.

• I got my brother to help me move. (thuyết phục anh ấy giúp)
• She finally got the manager to approve the budget.
• He got his kids to clean their rooms.

2. get + Object + past participle — Để gì được làm (thường informal)

Subject + get + Object (thing) + past participle

• I need to get my glasses fixed. (nhờ sửa kính)
• She got her nails done at the salon.
• He got his phone replaced under warranty.

Have vs Get + sth done: - Cả hai đều diễn đạt "để vật được làm" - have = trung tính, cả formal và informal - get = informal hơn, thường trong spoken English

Causative MAKE

make + Object + bare infinitive — Bắt buộc, cưỡng ép

Subject + make + Object + bare infinitive

Nghĩa mạnh hơn: bắt buộc, không có lựa chọn.

• The teacher made the students rewrite their essays.
• The noise made me wake up at 3 am.
• Peer pressure makes teenagers follow trends.
• The law makes drivers wear seat belts.

Lưu ý: Trong passive voice, "make" dùng to-infinitive: - Active: She made him apologise. - Passive: He was made to apologise (by her).

Causative LET

let + Object + bare infinitive — Cho phép

Subject + let + Object + bare infinitive

Cho phép ai làm gì — không ngăn cản.

• She let her children stay up late on weekends.
• The teacher let students use dictionaries during the test.
• Don't let this opportunity slip away.
• Parents should let children make their own decisions.

let vs allow: - let + bare inf: Let me know. (informal) - allow + to-inf: He was allowed to leave. (formal)

Causative HELP

help + Object + (to) infinitive

Subject + help + Object + (to-)infinitive

Cả bare infinitive và to-infinitive đều chấp nhận được, nhưng bare infinitive nghe tự nhiên hơn trong spoken English.

• She helped her friend (to) find a job.
• Technology helps students learn more effectively.
• Exercise helps people maintain a healthy weight.
• Can you help me (to) solve this problem?

So sánh toàn bộ causative structures

Causative	Dạng V theo sau	Ý nghĩa	Ví dụ
make	bare infinitive	Bắt buộc, cưỡng ép	She made him apologise.
let	bare infinitive	Cho phép	He let her leave early.
have (người)	bare infinitive	Nhờ / chỉ đạo	I had him fix it.
have (vật)	V3	Để được làm	I had it fixed.
get (người)	to-infinitive	Thuyết phục	She got him to help.
get (vật)	V3	Để được làm	I got it repaired.
help	(to) infinitive	Giúp	She helped me (to) study.

Lỗi thường gặp

Lỗi 1: Dùng "to" sau make và let

• ❌ The teacher made him to stay after class.
• ✅ The teacher made him stay after class.
• ❌ She let me to borrow her book.
• ✅ She let me borrow her book.

Lỗi 2: Nhầm have sth done với have sb do sth

• ❌ I had the mechanic fixed my car. (sai — cần bare inf sau person)
• ✅ I had the mechanic fix my car. (have + person + bare inf)
• ❌ I had my car fix. (sai — cần V3 sau thing)
• ✅ I had my car fixed. (have + thing + V3)

Lỗi 3: Quên passive form của make trong câu bị động

• ❌ He was made apologise.
• ✅ He was made to apologise. (passive → to-infinitive)

Lỗi 4: Nhầm let và make

• ❌ My parents let me study every day. (không ai "bắt" học)
• ✅ My parents made me study every day. (bắt buộc)
• ❌ She made her daughter wear anything she wanted. (không cưỡng ép)
• ✅ She let her daughter wear anything she wanted. (cho phép)

Ứng dụng trong IELTS

Writing Task 2 — Thảo luận chính sách:

• "Governments should make corporations pay higher environmental taxes."
• "Schools should let students choose their own subjects to a greater extent."
• "Parents who let children spend unlimited time on screens are doing them a disservice."
• "Technology helps people access information that was previously unavailable."

Writing Task 2 — Nguyên nhân-kết quả:

• "Urbanisation has made many people abandon traditional lifestyles."
• "The media makes consumers believe they need things they don't."
• "Social pressure gets teenagers to conform even when they disagree."

Speaking Part 3 — Thảo luận:

• "I think parents should let children make some of their own decisions from an early age."
• "Strict teachers who make students memorise everything don't encourage creativity."
• "I had my essay checked by a native speaker before submitting it."

Speaking Part 2 — Kể chuyện:

• "My manager had us work overtime to meet the deadline."
• "My teacher got me to rewrite the essay from scratch — it was painful but helpful."

Bài tập luyện

Điền dạng động từ đúng

1. She made her son ___ (clean) his room before dinner.
2. I need to get my laptop ___ (repair) — it keeps crashing.
3. The doctor let the patient ___ (leave) after two days.
4. Can you help me ___ (carry) these boxes?
5. She had the photographer ___ (take) photos at the event.

Sửa lỗi

1. He made his employees to work on weekends.
2. I had my car fix yesterday.
3. She got her friend helped her move.
4. Let him to use your phone for a moment.
5. He was made apologise publicly.

Đáp án

Dạng động từ: 1. clean | 2. repaired | 3. leave | 4. (to) carry | 5. take

Sửa lỗi: 1. He made his employees work on weekends. (make + bare inf) 2. I had my car fixed yesterday. (have + thing + V3) 3. She got her friend to help her move. (get + person + to-inf) 4. Let him use your phone. (let + bare inf) 5. He was made to apologise publicly. (passive make → to-inf)

Tóm tắt nhanh

Muốn nói	Dùng	Cấu trúc
Bắt buộc	make	make + O + bare inf
Cho phép	let	let + O + bare inf
Nhờ (người)	have	have + O + bare inf
Để (vật) được làm	have/get	have/get + O + V3
Thuyết phục	get	get + O + to-inf
Giúp đỡ	help	help + O + (to) inf

Quy tắc vàng: - make / let / have (người) → bare infinitive (không "to") - get (người) → to-infinitive - have / get (vật) → past participle (V3) - Passive của make: was/were made to + inf (thêm "to")

Tóm tắt

Bare infinitive là động từ nguyên thể không có "to" — xuất hiện sau modal verbs (can, will, should, must...), sau let/make, và trong một số cấu trúc cố định; khác với to-infinitive ở chỗ "to" bị bỏ đi hoàn toàn.

Tại sao quan trọng

Bare infinitive là nền tảng của hầu hết câu tiếng Anh hàng ngày: - Modal verbs đều đi với bare infinitive: You should go. She can speak French. - Bỏ "to" đúng chỗ là dấu hiệu của người dùng tiếng Anh tự nhiên - Thêm "to" sai sau modal verbs là lỗi rất lộ rõ trong Writing và Speaking

Người học Việt Nam hay mắc lỗi ở đây vì hay dịch word-for-word và cảm thấy "thiếu gì đó" khi không có "to".

Cấu trúc

Bare infinitive = động từ ở dạng nguyên thể (base form), không có "to".

To-infinitive	Bare infinitive
to go	go
to study	study
to be	be
to have	have

Quy tắc đơn giản: Nếu trước động từ đã có modal verb (can, will, should, must, may, might...) — bỏ "to". Dùng bare infinitive.

Cấu trúc

Modal verb + bare infinitive (base verb — không thêm -s, -ed, -ing)

Phủ định:

Modal verb + not + bare infinitive

Câu hỏi:

Modal verb + subject + bare infinitive?

• She can speak French fluently.
• You should not ignore this problem.
• Can you help me?

Cách dùng phổ biến

1. Bare infinitive sau Modal Verbs

Tất cả modal verbs đều đi với bare infinitive, không có ngoại lệ:

can / could / will / would / shall / should / may / might / must + bare infinitive

Modal verb	Ví dụ
can	She can swim very well.
could	He could speak three languages.
will	I will help you tomorrow.
would	I would love to visit Tokyo.
shall	Shall we start?
should	You should study more regularly.
may	It may rain later today.
might	She might join us for dinner.
must	You must submit the form by Friday.

• ❌ SAI: She can to swim very well.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: She can swim very well.
• ❌ SAI: You should to study more.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: You should study more.

Cũng áp dụng với: - had better: You had better leave now. - would rather: I would rather stay at home. - used to: I used to play football every weekend. - need (khi dùng như modal): You need not worry about it. (trang trọng) - dare (khi dùng như modal): Dare he say that to her face?

2. Bare infinitive sau "let" và "make"

let + object + bare infinitive (= cho phép / để ai làm gì)
make + object + bare infinitive (= khiến ai làm gì — bắt buộc)

Let: - My parents let me stay out until midnight. - She let him borrow her car. - Let me know if you need anything. - Don't let this happen again.

Make (nghĩa cưỡng bức / gây ra): - The teacher made us repeat the exercise. - The film made me cry. - Long queues make people feel frustrated. - What made you change your mind?

Chú ý quan trọng: Khi dùng ở dạng bị động, "make" đổi sang to-infinitive: - Active: They made us work overtime. (bare infinitive) - Passive: We were made to work overtime. (to-infinitive)

3. Bare infinitive sau "help"

"Help" có thể đi với cả bare infinitive lẫn to-infinitive — cả hai đều đúng, bare infinitive tự nhiên hơn trong văn nói:

help + object + (to) bare infinitive

• Exercise helps (to) reduce stress.
• Can you help me (to) find the right answer?
• This guide will help you (to) improve your writing.

4. Bare infinitive sau "why (not)"

Dùng để gợi ý hoặc đặt câu hỏi tu từ:

Why + bare infinitive? (= tại sao lại làm vậy?)
Why not + bare infinitive? (= tại sao không...?)

• Why worry about things you can't control?
• Why not try a different approach?
• Why wait until tomorrow?
• Why not ask for help?

5. Bare infinitive trong cấu trúc cảm nhận (Perception Verbs)

Sau các động từ chỉ giác quan (see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe) + object, dùng bare infinitive (diễn tả hành động hoàn chỉnh) hoặc -ing (diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra):

see / hear / watch / feel / notice + object + bare infinitive (hành động hoàn chỉnh)
see / hear / watch / feel / notice + object + V-ing (hành động đang xảy ra)

• I saw him cross the street. (thấy anh ta đã qua đường — hoàn chỉnh)
• I saw him crossing the street. (thấy anh ta đang qua đường)
• She heard someone knock on the door.
• We watched the sun set over the mountains.
• I felt my heart beat faster.

Dấu hiệu nhận biết

Dùng bare infinitive khi...	Ví dụ
Sau modal verbs (can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must)	You should practise daily.
Sau let + object	Let me know.
Sau make + object (active voice)	She made me wait.
Sau had better / would rather	You'd better leave now.
Sau used to	I used to play tennis.
Sau why / why not	Why not try?
Sau perception verbs + object	I saw her leave.

Ví dụ

Ví dụ giao tiếp tự nhiên

• A: Should I bring anything to the party?

• B: You should bring something to drink. And let me know if you can't make it.

• A: How do I deal with stress?

• B: You could try meditation. Or why not join a yoga class? Exercise can really help clear your mind.

Ví dụ IELTS

(Speaking Part 1) "I can speak two languages — Vietnamese and English. I used to study French as well, but I haven't practised it in years. I should probably start again."

(Speaking Part 2) "This person really made me believe in myself. She would always encourage me and let me make my own decisions, which I think is the best way to learn."

(Writing Task 2) "Governments must take immediate steps to address climate change. They should invest in renewable energy and may need to introduce stricter regulations. Citizens can also contribute by making more sustainable choices."

Lỗi thường gặp

Lỗi 1: Thêm "to" sau modal verbs

• ❌ SAI: You should to study more.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: You should study more.
• ❌ SAI: She can to speak French.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: She can speak French.
• ❌ SAI: I will to help you.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: I will help you.
• TẠI SAO: Modal verbs đã là auxiliary (trợ động từ), sau chúng luôn dùng bare infinitive — không bao giờ thêm "to".

Lỗi 2: Thêm "to" sau "let" hoặc "make"

• ❌ SAI: Let me to know when you arrive.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: Let me know when you arrive.
• ❌ SAI: She made him to apologise.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: She made him apologise.
• TẠI SAO: "let + obj + bare infinitive" và "make + obj + bare infinitive" là cấu trúc cố định.

Lỗi 3: Nhầm "make" (active) và "be made" (passive)

• ❌ SAI: We were made work overtime.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: We were made to work overtime.
• TẠI SAO: Ở dạng bị động, "make" đổi thành "be made + to-infinitive".

Lỗi 4: Dùng bare infinitive sau động từ thường

• ❌ SAI: I enjoy swim every morning.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: I enjoy swimming every morning.
• ❌ SAI: She decided go by train.
• ✅ ĐÚNG: She decided to go by train.
• TẠI SAO: Bare infinitive chỉ dùng sau modal verbs và một số cấu trúc đặc biệt — không dùng sau động từ thường.

Lỗi 5: Nhầm "used to" (bare infinitive) và "be used to" (gerund)

• "I used to play tennis." → used to + bare infinitive (thói quen trong quá khứ)
• "I am used to playing tennis." → be used to + gerund (quen với việc gì)
• TẠI SAO: Hai cấu trúc này nhìn giống nhau nhưng nghĩa và cách dùng hoàn toàn khác.

So sánh với

Bare Infinitive vs. To-Infinitive

	Bare infinitive	To-infinitive
Hình thức	base verb (không có to)	to + base verb
Sau modal verbs	✅ Luôn dùng	❌ Không dùng
Sau let/make	✅ Active voice	✅ Passive voice (make)
Sau want/hope/plan	❌ Không dùng	✅ Luôn dùng
Mục đích	❌ Không dùng	✅ I study to improve.
Sau giới từ	❌ Không dùng	❌ Không dùng (dùng gerund)

Lưu ý cho người học Việt Nam

Trong tiếng Việt, "có thể đi", "nên học", "phải làm" đều dùng động từ trực tiếp sau modal. Tiếng Anh cũng tương tự — sau modal verbs dùng bare infinitive, không thêm "to":

• "Bạn nên học" → You should study (không phải "should to study")
• "Cô ấy có thể nói" → She can speak (không phải "can to speak")

Mẹo nhớ nhanh: - Nhìn thấy can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must? → Bare infinitive ngay sau đó - Nhìn thấy "let someone" hoặc "make someone"? → Bare infinitive - Nhìn thấy "had better" / "would rather"? → Bare infinitive

Ứng dụng trong IELTS

IELTS Speaking — Mẫu câu hữu ích

Dùng modal verbs (rất cần thiết trong Speaking): - "I can definitely see the advantages of that approach." - "Governments should invest more in education." - "This problem might get worse if we don't act." - "You could say that technology has both positive and negative effects."

Hedging / Softening opinions (Band 7+ technique): - "It may be that social media has more drawbacks than benefits." - "There could be a number of reasons for this trend." - "This might not be the best solution."

IELTS Writing — Bare Infinitive trong câu học thuật

Đề xuất / Khuyến nghị: - "Authorities should implement stricter regulations." - "Citizens must take responsibility for their own choices."

Khả năng / Dự đoán: - "This trend may continue in the coming decades." - "The situation could worsen without immediate action."

Bài tập luyện

Điền đúng: Bare infinitive hay To-infinitive?

1. You must _____ (submit) the form before Friday.
2. She decided _____ (study) abroad.
3. Let him _____ (explain) his point of view.
4. I would rather _____ (stay) home tonight.
5. They made her _____ (redo) the entire report.
6. She was made _____ (wait) for two hours.
7. Why not _____ (try) a different method?
8. He hopes _____ (get) a promotion this year.

Sửa lỗi

1. You should to practise every day.
2. Let me to explain the situation.
3. She can to speak three languages.
4. He was made wait outside.
5. I used to playing football at school.

Đáp án

Điền đúng: 1. submit (sau must → bare infinitive) 2. to study (sau decided → to-infinitive) 3. explain (sau let + obj → bare infinitive) 4. stay (sau would rather → bare infinitive) 5. redo (sau made + obj → bare infinitive, active) 6. to wait (sau was made → passive → to-infinitive) 7. try (sau why not → bare infinitive) 8. to get (sau hopes → to-infinitive)

Sửa lỗi: 1. You should practise every day. 2. Let me explain the situation. 3. She can speak three languages. 4. He was made to wait outside. 5. I used to play football at school.

Tóm tắt nhanh

1. Bare infinitive = động từ nguyên thể không có "to"
2. Sau modal verbs (can/could/will/would/shall/should/may/might/must) → bare infinitive
3. Sau let + object và make + object (active) → bare infinitive
4. "make + object" dạng passive → to-infinitive: was made to wait
5. had better / would rather / used to → bare infinitive
6. Sau perception verbs + object (see, hear, watch...) → bare infinitive (hoàn chỉnh) hoặc -ing (đang diễn ra)
7. Đừng bao giờ viết "should to go", "can to speak" — bỏ "to" đi