Tóm tắt
| Từ | Số | Khoảng cách | Dùng điển hình |
|---|---|---|---|
| this | Số ít | Gần | this book (trên tay tôi) |
| that | Số ít | Xa hơn | that building (ở đó) |
| these | Số nhiều | Gần | these results (đang xem) |
| those | Số nhiều | Xa hơn | those days (ngày xưa) |
Nhưng trong giao tiếp thực tế, "gần/xa" không chỉ là khoảng cách vật lý — còn là khoảng cách tâm lý và vị trí trong đoạn văn/cuộc trò chuyện.
Tại sao quan trọng
Người Việt học tiếng Anh thường dùng "this" cho mọi trường hợp, hoặc bỏ qua hoàn toàn. Trong IELTS Speaking, thiếu khả năng dùng demonstratives để chỉ lại ý đã nói làm câu trả lời kém mạch lạc. Trong Writing, "this" và "these" là công cụ tạo coherence cực kỳ quan trọng.
PHẦN 1: CƠ BẢN — Số ít và Số nhiều
This (số ít, gần) / That (số ít, xa)
This/That + singular noun
This/That + is/was + [description]
- This is my colleague, Minh.
- Can you pass me that pen? (ở đó, xa hơn)
- This approach has several advantages.
- I've seen that film before — it was excellent.
These (số nhiều, gần) / Those (số nhiều, xa)
These/Those + plural noun
These/Those + are/were + [description]
- These documents need to be signed today.
- Those students graduated last year.
- I find these issues particularly challenging.
- Do you remember those days when life was simpler?
Đứng một mình (đại từ):
Khi không cần lặp lại danh từ: - "Which shirt do you prefer?" — "This (one)." / "That (one)." - "These are the main findings of the study." - "Those were difficult times for many families."
PHẦN 2: DISCOURSE REFERENCE — Chỉ lại ý đã nói
Đây là chức năng quan trọng nhất trong writing và speaking chính thức.
"This" chỉ lại một ý vừa nói (cataphoric/anaphoric reference):
[Idea/Statement]. This + verb...
[Idea/Statement]. This + noun + verb...
- "The government increased taxes significantly. This led to widespread public discontent." (this = the tax increase)
- "Many young people are choosing to delay marriage. This trend reflects changing social values."
- "Access to clean water remains a challenge in many regions. This problem requires urgent attention."
Kỹ thuật "this + summary noun": Thay vì chỉ viết "this", dùng "this + danh từ tóm tắt" sẽ vừa chỉ lại, vừa làm rõ ý: - This issue / This problem / This trend / This situation / This approach - This decision / This change / This development / This argument
"These" chỉ lại một nhóm ý:
- "Poverty, inequality, and lack of access to education are interconnected. These factors create a cycle that is difficult to break."
- "Renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture are key areas. These initiatives require government support."
"That" chỉ lại ý đã nói khá lâu trước:
- "The study published in 2010 argued that lifestyle factors are the primary cause of obesity. That conclusion remains controversial today."
- "She mentioned an idea earlier in the discussion. That idea is worth revisiting."
PHẦN 3: GIỚI THIỆU VÀ PHÂN BIỆT
Giới thiệu người / vật:
- "This is Dr. Nguyen, the director of the institute."
- "These are the results of the experiment."
- "This is what I meant." / "That was not what I expected."
Phân biệt hai đối tượng:
Khi đang so sánh hai thứ: dùng "this" cho cái gần/vừa đề cập, "that" cho cái xa/đề cập trước:
- "We have two options. This one (= the second) is cheaper, but that one (= the first) is more durable."
- "I've read both articles. This (the recent one) is more convincing than that (the older one)."
PHẦN 4: KHOẢNG CÁCH TÂM LÝ
"That" (số ít) và "those" (số nhiều) có thể diễn đạt khoảng cách tâm lý — điều đã qua, điều không liên quan trực tiếp, hoặc thái độ giữ khoảng cách.
Khoảng cách thời gian:
- "Those were the best years of my life." (đã qua lâu rồi)
- "That was a very different era."
- "In those days, technology was far less advanced."
Khoảng cách cảm xúc (không muốn liên kết):
- "I don't want to talk about that anymore."
- "That behaviour is completely unacceptable."
- "Those kinds of arguments are simply not convincing."
So sánh: - "This problem is important." (tôi đang tập trung vào nó) - "That problem is not our responsibility." (tôi không liên quan)
PHẦN 5: CÁC CỤM GIAO TIẾP PHỔ BIẾN
Trong Speaking Part 1, 2, 3:
Giới thiệu chủ đề: - "Well, that's a really interesting question." - "This is something I feel quite strongly about." - "That depends on the situation, I think."
Chỉ lại điều vừa nói: - "I mentioned that I enjoy reading. That's mainly because it helps me relax." - "I've been learning English for five years. This has really improved my confidence."
Bày tỏ cảm nhận: - "I remember those days very clearly." - "This kind of experience is really valuable." - "Those are the main reasons I chose that career."
Trong cấu trúc "That's why...": - "Public transport is unreliable. That's why most people prefer to drive." - "She worked hard every day. That's why she succeeded."
PHẦN 6: THIS IS / THAT IS — Cụm hữu ích
This is + [noun/adj/clause]:
- "This is an urgent matter." (giới thiệu)
- "This is why I believe education is fundamental." (giải thích)
- "This is the point I was trying to make." (chỉ rõ)
That is / That's:
- "That's a fair point." (đồng ý về điều ai vừa nói)
- "That's not quite what I meant." (đính chính)
- "That is to say, ..." (= i.e., nghĩa là...)
- "That is the core issue here." (nhấn mạnh)
Lỗi thường gặp
Lỗi 1: Dùng "this" không có danh từ rõ ràng — người đọc không hiểu "this" là gì
- ❌ "The economy is growing, and inequality is rising. This is a problem."
- ✅ "The economy is growing, and inequality is rising. This contradiction poses a serious challenge."
Lỗi 2: Dùng "these informations" — information là uncountable
- ❌ "These informations are helpful."
- ✅ "This information is helpful."
Lỗi 3: Nhầm this/these khi số ít/số nhiều
- ❌ "This results are encouraging."
- ✅ "These results are encouraging."
- ❌ "These study is important."
- ✅ "This study is important."
Lỗi 4: Bỏ qua "this" dẫn đến không có cohesion
- ❌ "Climate change causes floods. [ý tiếp theo không được nối] The government must act."
- ✅ "Climate change causes catastrophic floods. This growing threat demands immediate government action."
Ứng dụng trong IELTS
Writing Task 2 — tạo cohesion:
Dùng "this/these + noun" để nối đoạn và nối ý:
"Economic inequality has widened significantly in recent decades. This trend has been accompanied by a decline in social mobility, which means that those born into poverty are less likely to escape it. These circumstances create a vicious cycle that is difficult to break without targeted policy intervention."
Speaking Part 3 — phân tích và phản hồi:
"Well, that's a complex question. I think this issue is particularly relevant in urban areas, where... Those kinds of policies are often effective in theory, but in practice they can be difficult to implement..."
Bài tập luyện
Điền this, that, these, hoặc those
- ___ is a fascinating topic that deserves more attention.
- She has two proposals — ___ (gần/vừa đề cập) is more practical than ___ (xa/đề cập trước).
- Access to education remains unequal. ___ problem needs to be addressed urgently.
- Do you remember ___ days when we used to play outside every afternoon?
- ___ are the main reasons why I chose to study abroad.
- The report raised serious concerns. ___ concerns were later confirmed by further research.
Đáp án
- This | 2. This / that | 3. This | 4. those | 5. These | 6. These / Those
Tóm tắt nhanh
SỐ ÍT / SỐ NHIỀU:
this → singular, gần | these → plural, gần
that → singular, xa | those → plural, xa
DISCOURSE REFERENCE (quan trọng nhất trong writing):
[Idea]. This + verb ...
[Idea]. This [summary noun] ...
[Ideas]. These [summary noun] ...
KHOẢNG CÁCH TÂM LÝ:
those days = những ngày đã qua
that kind of = loại... không liên quan đến tôi
that behaviour = hành vi đó (xa, không tán đồng)
CÁC CỤM HAY DÙNG:
That's why ... | That's a good point.
This is why ... | This is what I mean.
That is to say, ... (= i.e.)
IELTS WRITING — cohesion technique:
Dùng "this + summary noun" để nối ý và đoạn văn.