Tóm tắt
Band 7 yêu cầu "a variety of complex structures with some flexibility and accuracy." Band 8 yêu cầu "a wide range of structures used with flexibility and accuracy." Bài viết này giới thiệu các cấu trúc nâng cao giúp nâng điểm Grammar từ 6.5 lên 7+ — những cấu trúc hiếm gặp trong bài thí sinh trung bình, nhưng tự nhiên với người dùng tiếng Anh học thuật.
Tại sao quan trọng
Thí sinh Band 6-6.5 thường biết ngữ pháp cơ bản nhưng thiếu grammatical flexibility — khả năng chọn cấu trúc phù hợp với mục đích giao tiếp (nhấn mạnh, tạo khoảng cách học thuật, thể hiện quan hệ logic tinh tế). Các cấu trúc dưới đây giải quyết đúng điều này.
Phần 1: Inversion — Đảo ngữ để nhấn mạnh
Đảo ngữ là đưa phần phụ (thường là trạng từ phủ định hoặc hạn chế) lên đầu câu, kéo trợ động từ lên trước chủ ngữ. Cấu trúc này rất phổ biến trong văn học thuật tiếng Anh.
Inversion với trạng từ phủ định
Never / Rarely / Seldom / Hardly / Scarcely / No sooner + aux + S + V
- Never before has the world faced such a complex environmental crisis. (= The world has never before faced...)
- Rarely do governments act quickly enough to prevent ecological damage. (= Governments rarely act...)
- Seldom is a single policy sufficient to address poverty. (= A single policy is seldom sufficient...)
- Hardly had the negotiations begun when disagreements emerged. (= Disagreements emerged almost as soon as the negotiations began.)
Inversion với "Only"
Only + adverbial phrase + aux + S + V
- Only by investing in education can governments hope to reduce inequality long-term. (= Governments can only hope to reduce inequality by investing in education.)
- Only when we understand the root causes can we develop effective solutions.
- Only after years of research was an effective vaccine developed.
Inversion với "Not only...but also"
Not only + aux + S + V, but S + also + V
- Not only does technology create new jobs, but it also transforms existing industries.
- Not only has the population grown rapidly, but infrastructure has also failed to keep pace.
Inversion trong câu điều kiện trang trọng (không dùng "if")
Were + S + to + V / Had + S + V3 / Should + S + V (formal)
- Were the government to reduce taxes, consumer spending would increase. (= If the government were to reduce taxes...)
- Had stricter policies been introduced earlier, the environmental damage would have been far less severe. (= If stricter policies had been introduced...)
- Should any problems arise, the team is ready to respond immediately. (= If any problems arise...)
Khi nào dùng: Chỉ dùng inversion trong Writing (trang trọng). Trong Speaking, chỉ dùng ở Band 8+ khi nói rất tự tin. Không nên cố nhét inversion vào Speaking nếu chưa quen.
Phần 2: Cleft Sentences — Câu chẻ để nhấn mạnh
Cleft sentences chia câu thành hai phần để nhấn mạnh một yếu tố cụ thể.
It-cleft
It is/was + [phần được nhấn mạnh] + that/who + phần còn lại
- It is education that offers the most sustainable path out of poverty. (nhấn mạnh "education" thay vì nói "Education offers...")
- It was the 2008 financial crisis that exposed the vulnerability of deregulated banking systems.
- It is governments, not individuals, that bear the primary responsibility for addressing climate change.
What-cleft
What + S + V + is/was + [phần được nhấn mạnh]
- What many people fail to realise is that short-term solutions often create long-term problems.
- What the data clearly shows is a steady decline in biodiversity over the past three decades.
- What young people need is not just better job opportunities, but also affordable housing.
- What makes this approach effective is its focus on prevention rather than cure.
Cleft với "The reason"
The reason (why) + S + V + is that + clause
- The reason why so many young people choose to emigrate is that opportunities in their home countries are limited.
- The primary reason urban poverty persists is a lack of access to quality education and healthcare.
Phần 3: Complex Noun Phrases — Cụm danh từ phức tạp
Thay vì dùng nhiều câu ngắn, gộp ý vào một cụm danh từ phức tạp — đặc trưng của văn học thuật.
Danh từ + of-phrase + relative clause
- The rapid growth of urban populations, which shows no sign of slowing, has placed enormous strain on infrastructure.
- The failure of governments to address inequality over the past decade has fuelled social unrest.
Gerund phrase làm chủ ngữ
V-ing + ... + is/has
- Reducing carbon emissions while maintaining economic growth is one of the central challenges of our time.
- Implementing effective public health policies requires both political will and adequate funding.
- Relying solely on market forces to regulate environmental standards has proven insufficient.
Abstract noun + modifier
Thay vì dùng clause, dùng noun phrase để viết gọn và học thuật hơn:
| Clause (thông thường) | Noun phrase (học thuật) |
|---|---|
| Because people are migrating to cities | The migration of people to cities |
| When technology advances rapidly | The rapid advancement of technology |
| The fact that inequality has increased | The growing inequality / The rise in inequality |
| Because governments failed to act | The failure of governments to act |
Phần 4: Mixed Conditionals — Điều kiện hỗn hợp
Mixed conditionals kết hợp thì của hai loại điều kiện khác nhau — thể hiện mối quan hệ nhân quả phức tạp giữa quá khứ và hiện tại.
Type 3 if-clause + Type 2 main clause (Quá khứ → Hiện tại)
If + Past Perfect, would + V (bare)
Dùng khi: điều kiện trong quá khứ ảnh hưởng đến tình trạng hiện tại.
- If governments had invested in renewable energy thirty years ago, we would not be facing such a severe energy crisis now.
- If she had chosen a different career path, she would be in a very different position today.
- If the global community had acted sooner on climate change, temperatures would not be rising so rapidly.
Type 2 if-clause + Type 3 main clause (Hiện tại → Quá khứ)
If + Past Simple (were), would have + V3
Dùng khi: tính chất hiện tại ảnh hưởng đến kết quả quá khứ.
- If the healthcare system were better funded, the pandemic response would have been far more effective.
- If governments were more accountable to citizens, the corruption scandal would never have occurred.
Phần 5: Advanced Passive Constructions
Passive reporting structures (rất phổ biến trong học thuật)
It is + V3 (that clause) → tạo khoảng cách học thuật
S + is + V3 (to + V) → cách khác của reporting passive
| Cụ thể | Ví dụ |
|---|---|
| It is argued that | It is argued that economic growth alone cannot solve inequality. |
| It is widely believed that | It is widely believed that early intervention improves long-term outcomes. |
| It has been shown that | Research has shown that exercise improves cognitive function. |
| S + is said to + V | The gap between rich and poor is said to be widening. |
| S + is thought to + V | The policy is thought to have had limited success. |
| S + is considered to + V | Access to clean water is considered to be a fundamental human right. |
| S + is known to + V | Processed food is known to contribute to obesity. |
Passive infinitive và passive gerund
Passive infinitive: to be + V3
Passive gerund: being + V3
- The new regulations are expected to be implemented by the end of the year. (passive infinitive)
- She resented being treated as if she were inexperienced. (passive gerund after resent)
- The report remains to be published, pending final approval. (remains to be + V3)
Phần 6: Hedging Language — Diễn đạt thận trọng
Văn học thuật Band 7+ không nói tuyệt đối. Hedging thể hiện sự tinh tế học thuật.
Hedging mức độ khẳng định
| Mức độ | Cụm từ |
|---|---|
| Rất chắc | clearly, evidently, undeniably, it is certain that |
| Khá chắc | it is likely that, it would seem that, the evidence suggests |
| Trung bình | it is possible that, it may be the case that, arguably |
| Thận trọng | it might be argued that, one could suggest, there is a possibility |
| Rất thận trọng | it is not entirely clear whether, the evidence is inconclusive |
Hedging động từ (epistemic modals + reporting verbs)
- Technology appears to be transforming the nature of work.
- The data suggests that the trend will continue.
- This approach tends to produce better outcomes in the long term.
- The results would indicate a strong correlation between income and health outcomes.
Hedging phạm vi (scope limitation)
- In many cases, urban living leads to increased stress.
- To a large extent, success depends on early education.
- Under certain conditions, the policy may prove effective.
- For the most part, renewable energy has proven reliable.
- This is true particularly in developing economies.
Phần 7: Participle Clauses — Mệnh đề phân từ
Mệnh đề phân từ giúp viết câu phức tạp một cách gọn gàng — đặc trưng của văn học thuật chuyên nghiệp.
V-ing clause (cùng chủ ngữ, đồng thời hoặc nguyên nhân)
V-ing + ..., S + V (chủ ngữ của hai mệnh đề phải giống nhau)
- Recognising the severity of the crisis, the government announced emergency measures. (= Because the government recognised... / The government, which recognised...)
- Having lived abroad for several years, she developed a nuanced understanding of different cultures. (= Because she had lived abroad... — dùng "having + V3" cho hành động trước)
V3 clause (bị động)
V3 + ..., S + V
- Located in the heart of Southeast Asia, Singapore has developed into a major financial hub.
- Designed to reduce emissions, the new vehicles have exceeded expectations.
- Faced with rising unemployment, governments must consider alternative economic strategies.
Absolute clause (chủ ngữ của mệnh đề phân từ khác chủ ngữ chính)
Noun + V-ing/V3, S + V
- The population ageing rapidly, governments must rethink pension systems.
- All things considered, the benefits of globalisation outweigh the drawbacks.
- The data having been collected, researchers could begin their analysis.
Phần 8: Ứng dụng vào Task 2 — Câu mẫu Band 7+
Introduction — đa dạng cách mở bài
Cleft sentence: - It is the question of how to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability that lies at the heart of this debate.
Inversion: - Rarely has a generation faced the combination of challenges — technological disruption, climate change, and economic inequality — that confronts young people today.
Gerund phrase làm chủ ngữ: - Determining the most effective approach to reducing poverty requires an understanding of both structural and individual factors.
Body paragraph — đa dạng cấu trúc
"Not only does urbanisation create economic opportunities, but it also places enormous pressure on infrastructure and housing. What is particularly concerning is the rate at which rural communities are being depopulated, which risks undermining agricultural productivity. Were governments to invest more strategically in rural development, it is possible that migration flows would be significantly reduced. Having recognised this, several countries have begun implementing incentive programmes — a development that many experts consider to have been long overdue."
Các cấu trúc trong đoạn này: Not only...but also (inversion), what-cleft, non-defining relative clause, conditional inversion (were to), hedging (it is possible that), participle clause (having recognised), it-cleft (a development that), passive + perfect infinitive (to have been).
Conclusion — cấu trúc đa dạng
Mixed conditional: - Had more attention been paid to these warning signs decades ago, the current situation would arguably be far less severe.
Gerund + noun phrase: - Addressing these interconnected challenges demands not only political will but also a fundamental shift in how societies value long-term sustainability over short-term gain.
Lỗi thường gặp khi dùng cấu trúc nâng cao
Lỗi 1: Inversion không đúng ngữ cảnh
Inversion cần trợ động từ — không phải đảo vị trí động từ chính: - ❌ Never the government acts quickly enough. - ✅ Never does the government act quickly enough.
Lỗi 2: Cleft sentence sai cấu trúc
- ❌ It is the education that offers a path out of poverty.
- ✅ It is education that offers a path out of poverty. (không có "the" nếu nói chung)
Lỗi 3: Participle clause sai chủ ngữ
Chủ ngữ của participle clause phải giống chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính: - ❌ Walking down the street, the buildings were very tall. (ai đang đi? Không phải "the buildings") - ✅ Walking down the street, I noticed that the buildings were very tall.
Lỗi 4: Cố nhét cấu trúc không tự nhiên
Cấu trúc nâng cao phải phục vụ ý nghĩa — không phải thể hiện ngữ pháp. Nếu inversion làm câu nghe gượng gạo, dùng cấu trúc thường vẫn tốt hơn.
Bài tập luyện — Cấu trúc nâng cao
Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc nâng cao
- Governments have never faced such a complex challenge before. → (dùng inversion với "Never")
- Education is the most effective tool for reducing poverty. (nhấn mạnh "education") → (dùng it-cleft)
- People often fail to realise that small individual actions can have large collective impacts. → (dùng what-cleft)
- If we had introduced stricter regulations earlier, the environment would be in better condition now. → (dùng conditional inversion)
Đáp án
- Never before have governments faced such a complex challenge.
- It is education that offers the most effective path to reducing poverty.
- What people often fail to realise is that small individual actions can have large collective impacts.
- Had stricter regulations been introduced earlier, the environment would be in better condition now.
Tóm tắt nhanh — Cấu trúc nâng cao
| Cấu trúc | Công thức | Tác dụng |
|---|---|---|
| Inversion (phủ định) | Never/Rarely + aux + S + V | Nhấn mạnh trang trọng |
| Inversion (only) | Only by/when + ... + aux + S + V | Nhấn mạnh điều kiện |
| Conditional inversion | Were/Had/Should + S + V | Thay thế if-clause trang trọng |
| It-cleft | It is + X + that/who + ... | Nhấn mạnh một yếu tố |
| What-cleft | What + S + V + is + X | Nhấn mạnh thông tin mới |
| Mixed conditional | If + Past Perfect, would + V | Quá khứ → hiện tại |
| Reporting passive | It is argued/believed/shown that | Tạo khoảng cách học thuật |
| Participle clause | V-ing/V3 + ..., S + V | Rút gọn, kết nối ý |
| Gerund làm chủ ngữ | Doing X + is/requires | Phong cách học thuật |
| Hedging | appears to, tends to, arguably | Thận trọng học thuật |
Quy tắc vàng cho Band 7+: - Không cần nhồi nhét mọi cấu trúc vào — 2-3 cấu trúc phức tạp dùng đúng tốt hơn 10 cấu trúc dùng sai - Cấu trúc phục vụ ý nghĩa, không phải ngược lại - Inversion và cleft sentences đặc biệt hiệu quả ở câu mở bài và câu chủ đề đoạn - Hedging là bắt buộc ở Band 7+ — nói tuyệt đối là dấu hiệu của Band 5-6
High-leverage structures
Các cấu trúc ngữ pháp tạo đòn bẩy cao trong IELTS Speaking — sử dụng có chiến lược để nâng band điểm Grammar Range and Accuracy.
PHẦN 1: THAY THẾ "I THINK"
Dùng "I think" không phải lỗi — nhưng lặp 5 lần trong một bài trả lời thì mất điểm. Xen kẽ với:
Diễn đạt quan điểm cá nhân:
| Cụm | Mức độ | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Personally, | Neutral | Personally, I think it's a good idea. |
| In my view, | Neutral/Formal | In my view, technology has changed society dramatically. |
| From my perspective, | Formal | From my perspective, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. |
| As far as I'm concerned, | Casual/Neutral | As far as I'm concerned, this is the best option. |
| It seems to me that | Neutral | It seems to me that people are working much harder than before. |
| I would say that | Soft | I would say that education is the most important investment a country can make. |
| I genuinely believe that | Emphatic | I genuinely believe that this is a growing problem. |
| My feeling is that | Casual | My feeling is that most people just want a stable job and a decent income. |
Trong Speaking Part 3:
Q: "Do you think social media is good for society?"
❌ "I think social media is good. I think it helps people connect. I think it also spreads information."
✅ "Personally, I think social media has real benefits — it connects people and spreads information quickly. That said, I also feel it can be harmful, especially for younger users. From my perspective, the key is regulation rather than restriction."
PHẦN 2: THAY THẾ "I ALSO..."
"I also" là cách bổ sung ý phổ biến nhưng rất lặp. Thay bằng:
Thêm ý tiếp theo:
| Cụm | Cách dùng |
|---|---|
| Another [thing/factor/point] is... | Another important factor is the cost involved. |
| What's more, | What's more, the health benefits are well-documented. |
| On top of that, | On top of that, it's also very affordable. |
| Not only that, but... | Not only that, but it also helps reduce stress. |
| In addition to this, | In addition to this, there are environmental concerns to consider. |
| Beyond that, | Beyond that, the social impact is significant. |
| There's also the fact that... | There's also the fact that many people simply can't afford it. |
Trong Speaking Part 2:
❌ "This place is beautiful. I also liked the food. I also made new friends. I also took many photos."
✅ "The place was absolutely stunning. What made it even better was the food — I tried dishes I'd never heard of before. On top of that, I met some incredibly interesting people. And honestly, I think the photos I took there are among my favourites."
PHẦN 3: THAY THẾ "IT IS..." / "THERE IS..."
Thay "It is + adj":
| ❌ Lặp | ✅ Thay thế |
|---|---|
| It is important | This is a crucial point / Importance is rarely disputed / What matters here is... |
| It is interesting | What's interesting is that... / Interestingly, |
| It is obvious | Clearly, / Obviously, / This is evident from... |
| It is difficult | The challenge here is / Difficulty arises when... |
Thay "There is/are":
| ❌ Lặp | ✅ Thay thế |
|---|---|
| There are many reasons | Several factors explain this / A number of reasons account for... |
| There is a problem | A key issue here is / One concern that stands out is |
| There are many people | Many people / A large number of individuals |
| There is a growing trend | An emerging trend / Increasingly, |
PHẦN 4: ĐẶT TRẠNG NGỮ LÊN ĐẦU CÂU (Fronting)
Đây là kỹ thuật đơn giản nhất để đa dạng hóa: thay vì luôn bắt đầu bằng chủ ngữ, đặt trạng ngữ thời gian, địa điểm, hoặc hoàn cảnh lên đầu:
[Adverb/Phrase], + [Subject] + [Verb] ...
Trạng ngữ thời gian:
- Recently, I've noticed that more and more people are working from home.
- In the past, people relied heavily on face-to-face communication.
- Over the last decade, technology has transformed nearly every aspect of daily life.
- Growing up, I spent most weekends outdoors.
- As a child, I was fascinated by science.
Trạng ngữ địa điểm hoặc bối cảnh:
- In many Asian countries, the emphasis on education starts very early.
- In urban areas particularly, the demand for affordable housing is acute.
- At home, we always ate dinner together as a family.
Trạng ngữ hoàn cảnh:
- Given the current situation, it seems reasonable to expect further changes.
- In light of recent research, the policy may need to be revised.
- From a practical standpoint, this approach is unlikely to work.
PHẦN 5: CÁC MỞ ĐẦU CÂU ĐA DẠNG THEO CHỨC NĂNG
Để nhấn mạnh:
- What really stands out is...
- The thing that strikes me most is...
- What I find particularly interesting is...
- One aspect that is often overlooked is...
Để thừa nhận điều gì đó:
- Admittedly, not everyone would agree with this view.
- Of course, there are exceptions to this pattern.
- It's true that / To be fair, this approach has some merit.
- Granted, the situation is more complex than it first appears.
Để chuyển sang ý tiếp theo:
- That said, there are also significant drawbacks.
- Having said that, I still think the overall impact is positive.
- At the same time, we shouldn't ignore the potential risks.
- On a related note, this also affects younger generations.
Để kết thúc hoặc tổng kết:
- All things considered, I think the benefits outweigh the costs.
- On balance, this seems to be the most practical solution.
- Ultimately, what matters most is how individuals choose to use technology.
PHẦN 6: ÁP DỤNG VÀO SPEAKING PART 2
❌ Bài trả lời monotonous:
"I want to talk about a trip to Đà Lạt. It is a beautiful city. It is in the Central Highlands. It is cool and foggy. I went there with my family. It was great. I also visited a flower garden. I also ate local food. I also took many photos."
✅ Bài trả lời đa dạng cách mở đầu:
"I'd like to talk about a trip to Đà Lạt that I took with my family a few years ago. Nestled in the Central Highlands, the city has a cool, misty atmosphere that feels completely different from the heat of Ho Chi Minh City. What really struck me was the scenery — rolling hills covered in pine trees and flower fields stretching as far as the eye could see. On top of that, the food was incredible; I had a bowl of Bánh Canh that I still think about sometimes. All in all, it was one of those trips that reminds you why travelling is so worthwhile."
Lỗi thường gặp
Lỗi 1: Bắt đầu 4-5 câu liên tiếp bằng "I"
- ❌ "I like cooking. I think it's relaxing. I usually cook on weekends. I make Vietnamese food."
- ✅ "I really enjoy cooking — personally, I find it one of the most relaxing things I can do. Most weekends, I try to set aside time to prepare Vietnamese dishes, which I grew up eating."
Lỗi 2: Bắt đầu bằng "Also" ở đầu câu (informal, awkward)
- ❌ "Also, I think education is important."
- ✅ "In addition, education plays a fundamental role..." / "Education is also a critical factor..."
Lỗi 3: Lặp "Basically" hoặc "Actually" quá nhiều
- ❌ "Basically, I think... Basically, it's about... Basically, most people..."
- ✅ Xen kẽ với: In essence, / At its core, / Simply put, / In practice,
Lỗi 4: Bắt đầu câu bằng "Because" mà không có mệnh đề chính
- ❌ "Because technology is changing fast." (câu thiếu — xem bài sentence-fragments)
- ✅ "Because technology is changing so fast, many traditional skills are becoming obsolete."
Bài tập luyện — High-leverage
Viết lại các câu sau với cách mở đầu khác:
- "I think education is the most important thing." → ___
- "I also think the government should invest more." → ___
- "It is difficult to find a solution." → ___
- "There are many problems in urban areas." → ___
Đọc đoạn sau và xác định những câu nào nên thay đổi cách mở đầu:
- "I enjoy travelling. I like to explore new places. I also like to try local food. I think travel broadens the mind. I also meet interesting people when I travel."
Đáp án gợi ý
- "In my view, education is the single most important factor in personal development." / "Personally, I believe nothing is more important than access to quality education."
- "Beyond that, greater government investment would make a significant difference." / "What's more, the government clearly has a responsibility to invest more."
- "The challenge in finding a solution should not be underestimated." / "Finding a solution is far more complex than it might initially seem."
- "Urban areas face numerous challenges..." / "A range of serious problems affects modern cities..."
- Câu cần thay: câu 2, 3, 4, 5 — mở đầu bằng quá nhiều "I like", "I also like", "I think", "I also meet".
Tóm tắt nhanh — High-leverage
THAY "I THINK":
Personally, / In my view, / From my perspective,
It seems to me that / I would say that / My feeling is that
THAY "I ALSO":
What's more, / On top of that, / Not only that, but
Another factor is / In addition to this, / There's also the fact that
THAY "IT IS / THERE IS":
What's interesting is / The challenge here is
Several factors explain / One concern worth noting
ĐẶT TRẠNG NGỮ ĐẦU CÂU:
Recently, / In the past, / Growing up, / Given this,
In many countries, / From a practical standpoint,
NHẤN MẠNH:
What really stands out is... / The thing that strikes me most is...
One aspect often overlooked is...
THỪA NHẬN:
Admittedly, / Of course, / That said, / Having said that,
Granted, / To be fair,
TỔng KẾT:
All things considered, / On balance, / Ultimately,